(PDF) Kotowo, site 1 -settlement site of the Funnel Beaker...

来自 : www.researchgate.net/publicati 发布时间：2021-03-25

Danuta ŻurkiewiczW: W. Hensel, T. Wiślański (red.), Prahistoria ziem polskich, T. 2. Neolit: 165-260. Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk. Ż D.2011 Społeczności kultury późnej ceramiki wstęgowej cen-tralnej części Wysoczyzny Kujawskiej. Folia Praehi-storica Posnaniensia 16: 47-111.Kotowo, site  – settlement site of the Funnel Beaker culture from the th millennium BCSummarye archaeological material from Kotowo, site , Granowo com-mune, Nowy Tomyśl district, which we have at our disposal to-day, come from the rescue excavations carried out by the sta of the Archaeological Museum in Poznań in . During those investigations, out of eleven features examined (one pit of the Funnel Beaker culture (FBC), nine graves of the Lusatian cul-ture, and one medieval pit-dugout) only the Neolithic material was published (Lipińska ). e main motivation for its re-analysing and publication has arisen from the new radiocarbon dates obtained for this site. On the side of a gravel pit, four trenches were established in the western part and one in the southern part of the site. In total, an area of . ares was explored (g. : A). All the ma-terial was documented within features or layers of individual trenches. Based on the excavation diary, the location of “loose” nds can, with high probability, be narrowed down only to the area of trench II, located at a distance of  to  m from the pit attributed to the Funnel Beaker culture. e site is situated on the Mogielnica river - right tribu-tary of the Obra river. e proximity of the unnamed stream parallel to the Mogielnica river means that this settlement occupied an area between the two watercourses. e land-scape here consists of a at moraine upland covered mostly with glacial till, sands with gravel, and glacial boulder clay (g. : A). e settlement site lay on a small, isolated island composed of uvioglacial sands and gravels (Michalska, Win-nicka ), on which brown soils developed (g. : B). In the closest surroundings of the site podzolic and pseudo-podzolic soils dominated; however, in its immediate vicinity, smaller patches of black soils occurred, represented mainly by sandy, highly clayey soils (g. : B). e Neolithic material from Kotowo housed in the Archaeo-logical Museum in Poznań includes  potsherds,  ints,  fragments of animal bones, and  daub pieces (table ). e analysis of pottery technology and style has made it possible to identify two taxa: the Funnel Beaker culture, to which most of the material is attributed and the Globular Amphorae culture. Contrary to the original research, no clear stylistic traits of the Lengyel-Polgar culture were distinguished. e vessel pottery has been described in accordance with the methodological standards used in Kuyavia (Czebreszuk, Kośko, Szmyt ). e analysed material included  potsherds with a total weight of . kg. Aer the quantitative reduction resulting from the retting and conjoining potsherds of the same tech-nology and wall thickness, the collection counted  frag-ments. e categorisation of diagnostic features – in technologi-cal and stylistic aspects – is demonstrated in tables -. Both in the whole pottery assemblage of the FBC and in separate clusters, technology “A” based on ne sand and cha-motte dominates (from  to % within the clusters; table ). Its lowest amount (%) was recorded only in a pottery series collected from the site’s surface, in which the frequency of “A” technology is close to the frequency of recipes based on the temper of coarse and medium chamotte (B and C). e wall thickness of the vessels was also examined. e medium-wall vessel class had the highest frequency (thickness - mm – from  to %). e largest share of thin-walled pottery was registered in cluster , where it constituted %. ick-walled pottery was quite evenly distributed in the studied clusters and it accounted for  do % of the individual assemblages. e technological structure of the assemblage is distinctly related to the wall thickness of the vessels. Among vessels up to  mm thick from clusters -, technological type A dominates, while the share of other groups does not exceed % (g. : A-C). e analysis of morphological features of “selected” potsherds involved the rims, lugs, and bottoms of vessels. e data on the frequency of individual fragments in specic exploration units are presented in tables  and . e identied macro-morpholog-ical types included at least  beakers (gs. : ; : ; : ; : ; : ; : , , ),  plates (gs. : ; : , : : ), and probably a bowl (g. : ). In the entire collection,  decorated potsherds were recorded, which makes up % of the assemblage (tables  and ). Many of the identied technological and stylistic traits of pot-tery from Kotowo point towards the possibility of early dat-ing of the material from feature  (clusters -) linked with the rst, “Sarnowo” phase of the Funnel Beaker culture. e pot-sherds examined show many analogies with the material from the two better recognised Greater Poland sites of similar chro-nology: Markowice, site  (Prinke ) and Mirkowice, site  (Kabaciński, Sobkowiak-Tabaka ). All the “loose” potsherds attributed to the FBC, which were probably collected from the surface of trench II, bear characteristics of a non-homogeneous assemblage, probably associated with phases III C – IVA. e early dating of feature  from Kotowo nds its conrma-tion in three radiocarbon-dated samples. ese are two pot-sherds (bellies of the vessels) from clusters  and , technologi-cally related to the FBC, with the remains of organic residues, and an animal bone fragment from cluster . ey have pro-vided the following dates:- Poz- ± BP - for an organic residue from a pot-sherd recorded in cluster ,- Poz- ± BP - for an organic residue from a pot-sherd recorded in cluster ,- Poz- ± BP – for a fragment of an unspecied animal bone from cluster  (.%N .%C, dC=-.‰, dN=.‰). In order to analyse a local and regional context of the dates obtained, several attempts at modelled radiocarbon age have been made using Bayesian analysis tools provided by OxcCal soware. Model  is an attempt to place the dates on the scale of the nearest, regional environs of the Kotowo site. A rela-tively modest record of C dates for the Greater Poland FBC (Wierzbicki : ) does not allow us to relate them to this cultural context. However, it directs our attention towards a se-ries of C dates determined for a settlement site of the Brześć Kujawski culture (BKC) at Racot (Czerniak et al. ), located 128